Perceptions on what is accomplished or the actual are perceptions that arise from three distinct processes related to role performance within these groups:
reflected appraisals, social comparisons, self-attributions.
When individuals reflect on their behavior and observe that they have been sucessful at maintaining
a match between situational meanings and identity standards, efficacy-based self-esteem results
from such "sucessful behavior".
When distubances to self-verification are at large, or more persistent, people may extricate themselves
from the situation or shed the identity in order to avoid the negative feelings that arise
from persistent discrepencies between situational meanings and identity standards. In the
interest of maintaining the social structure, the interpersonal relationships, however, this possibility
must be minimized. Therefore, people must have resources that can support them through these
periods ensuring that negative emotions do not become too overwhelming. Self-esteem seems to be
one such resource that functions to maintain individuals and social relationships.
The less the self-verification, the greater the distress. The higher an individual's self-esteem, the
less the distress. The higher an individual's self-esteem, the less impact a lack of
self-verification will have on levels of distress. The more persistent the lack of self-verification, the greater the loss of self-esteem.
Bases for social identities are where structure and agency collide.
people persist in seeking essentialized groudinings for the selves they encounter and those they offer
Seeks attachment to others , the pursuit of recognition and dignity; feelings of agency and empowerment,
avoiding fear and anxiety
People in subordinate positions attempt in a sort of relaity-construction process to translate coercive
relationships into dependency relationships, through maneuvering their oppressors into accepting
obligations toward them.
This identity requires a perception of membership to a bounded group, consciousness aboutthat
group's ideologies, and direct opposition to a dominant rule.
Maintaining Status!
Hallmark of the looking-glass-self
Some individuals possess more agency
a higher-status persons are better able than a lower-status person to construct
a reality that ultimately benefits them and maintains their position of power.
Verification of the worker, academic, and friend identities as they are validated increase
self-esteem and mastery.
For example, individuals may interact selectively with those who verify their identities,
display identity cues that announce who they are andhow they are to be treateted, and engage
in interaction strategies that encourage others to behave towards them in a manner
that is congruent with their identity.
This lebel is not being adopted to reflect a perceptual control model
Actual appraisals should influence self-appraisals only when reflected appraisals are not taken
into account.
This is consistent with Goffmans idea that in interaction, actors are expected to engage in
Cooperative face-work, in which they support each other's identities.
Projection is not discriminatory. We have no evidcence, for example, that it occurs more
often for high-status than for low-status actors.
Other researchers in the more social structural version of identity theory example reflected
appraisals but use them as an index of affective commitment.
The more social structural version of identity theory has been more likely to examine multiple
identities as they exist within one's identity hierarchy.
Control of perceptions are this level is maintained by adjusting standards at the lower levels
The worker and academic identity may be veiwed as an obligatory identiy, while the friend id is
voluntary.
Hoelter proposed a methodology for linking identities conceptually on a semantic space along
the dimensions of evaluation, potency, and activity (EPA). Affect control theories consider
the EPA dimensions of meaning for defininig all identities and behvaiors thus allowing direct
comparisons between different occupants of positions. These meanings, however, may
vary from one id to another, making direct comparison between identities more difficult.
Some see the worker as a role-based and the family-identity as group-based.
When persons experience identitiy verification, high self-esteem emerges from their feeling
that they are accepted and valued by others; alternatively, high-mastery stems from the self-
evalution that they have matched perceptual, reflected appraisal meanings to identity standard
meanings.
Direct (re)presentations of thier off-line identities and activities, through the production of
alternative identities and activities, and through the production of alternative identities contingent
upon their off-line identities; through the reproduction on-line of off-line class and gender inequalities
and through the way in which everyday material realities limit the scope of their on-line activities
on-line activities maintain and develop both distant and local off-line relationships; information
gathered online is incorporated into off-line activities, online friendships are incorporated into
or reconfigure off-line social networks, and on-line activities can position subjects differently
and recontexualize off-line identities.
Cyberspace QUOTES
Information and communication technologies are about to inflict widespread
social, cultural, economic, and political change upon the twenty-first century.
The advance promises to deliver greater efficiency, speed, power, control, and knowledge
and with this is the potential for personal development, the transformation of work, and the
production of value.
ICT's offer users to access information and communicate with whom they want, freed from the
material and social constraints of their bodies, identities, communities, and geographies - means
that these technologies are regarded as potentially liberating for those who are socially, materially,
or physically disadvantaged.
The technologically illiterate may be excluded from many forms of employment and also suffer from
wider social exclusion because they will be unable to participate in "normal" activities.
The Information Age, children - as symbols of the future, are at the heart of debates both about
pssibilities that ICTs afford should be realized and about the dangers of social exclusion for those who
are not technoliterate.
The fear is that computer-obsessed children will socially withdraw from the off-line world of family and friends
thereby missing out on the imaginative opportunities for play that the outdoors is perceived to offer,
and that they will become addicted to the screen, putting not only thier social but thier physical well-being at risk.
Children may be at risk for corruption from Internet material
Threat to childhood as an institution, because of their potential to threaten childhood "innocence" and blur the
differentiation commonly made between the states of childhood and adulthood.
"Real" vs "Virtual world unconnected, oftentimes oppositional to each other.
"the material body is not simply rendered invisible on-line: it becomes completely irrelevant.
"virtual realities are more intimate and richer because they are formed on the basis of genuine mutual
interest, rather than being based on the coincidence of off-line proximitiy.
the disappearing city where chronological typographies replace constructed geographical space,
where immaterial broadcast emissions decompose and eradicate a sense of place"
While we may "lose ourselves" in a good book or in a state of online interaction, its something that is of
the mind, not the body.
"artifactual" view, in which technology is severed from the normative context of social practice.
viewing technology as a "neutral tool" whose impact is entirely determined by the intentions of its users.
Actor Network Theory - the actors in these actor networks redefine each other in action in ways which mean
that there are no simple one-to-one relationships from technology to people but rather a constantly ongoing, inventive,
and constantly reciprocal process of social acquaintance and reacquaintance.
The disembodied and asynchronistic nature of on-line interactions also offers people the oppotunity to position
themselves in new ways.
When children take on other personas it is invariably to adopt what they regard as more desireable or powerful
identities than thier own. Usually older and based on models or sports heros
